“Although it may not be immediately evident, trafficking impact and the stress imposed on the bond line through repeated fluctuations in temperature will eventually cause the laitance interface layer to delaminate, resulting in the flooring installation failing,” writes Neil Sanders, in the Contract Flooring Journal.

Laitance can cost your team big bucks and unnecessary man-hours down the line to repair or replace any coating applied on top of it.

So, what is laitance?

Laitance is a weak, easily-crumbled layer on the surface of concrete, consisting of cement and fine aggregates that rise to the surface when too much water is added. Laitance may also be caused by over-trowelling, rain damage, or poor curing.

Laitance is always present on new concrete – but unfortunately, age is no guarantee that it’s not present unless it has been removed by previous surface preparation. The laitance layer may look like nothing more than fine dust, or it can reach a depth of several millimeters or more.

How do I test for laitance?

Scrape the surface of your concrete floor with a knife. If a powdery material can be scraped from the surface, excessive laitance is present.

To get a sense of how thick the laitance is, “Score the surface of the substrate with a steel edge until the main aggregate is reached,” Sanders writes. If your project needs a more accurate measure, there is also scratch testing equipment available.

Then, how do I remove it?

There are several ways to remove laitance. The method depends on how much area the laitance is covering, how thick the layer is, and how detailed your work needs to be.

If laitance is thicker, mechanical planing may be preferred. Surface planers, also called scarifiers or milling machines, remove the layer faster and more aggressively because “they use the pummeling action of multi-tipped cutting wheels that rotate at high speeds to chip away at the surface,” ConcreteNetwork.com explains.

In large areas, shot blasting and grinding are the fastest and most efficient ways to remove laitance, preparing thousands of square feet at a single go. Scrabbling, abrading, or grinding are also recommended for removing laitance in areas that require more precision, with equipment designed for control, ease of handling, and safe operation in smaller areas and on edge detail.

Acid etching can remove laitance but has some disadvantages. Results vary underprepared denser surface areas. Treated surfaces must be flushed with water, rinsed with a neutralizing wash, flushed with water again, then fully dried before a coating can be applied.

For proper bonding of overlays and coatings, it is important that a concrete surface has the correct Concrete Surface Profile or CSP. A CSP rating is a standardized rating that allows you to visually determine the concrete surface roughness.
The most important step in creating a quality floor is the preparation. For the proper bonding of any coating or overlay, you need to properly prepare the floor with the proper concrete surface profile. What is a concrete surface profile? A concrete surface profile, known as a CSP, is a standardized measure for the ‘roughness’ of a surface that is defined by the International Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI). A very rough surface will have a high CSP number, such as CSP 9. A very smooth surface with almost no preparation at all will be a CSP 1.

CSP Rating 2

This rating can be achieved with tooling that carries a 70–80 Grit rating.
For coating applications from 2–3 mil thickness, the surface profile should be a CSP.

CSP Rating 3

This rating can be achieved with tooling that carries a 30-40 Grit rating.
For coating applications from 4–5 mil thickness, the surface profile should be a CSP 3.

CSP Rating 4

This rating can be achieved with tooling that carries a 16 Grit rating.
For coating applications from 15–50 mil thickness, the surface should be a CSP 4.